Jul 18, 2024 · Due to poultry farming and processing intensive activities, with a global poultry production around 80% of all livestock (FAO, 2015a), huge quantities of poultry waste (PW) formed mostly of poultry manure (PM) (birds excreta) and poultry litter (PL: a mixture of bedding materials with excreta, feed scraps, water, feathers) are produced, over the world.